محاضرة تعريفية بالخرائط وصور الأقمار الصناعية - مثنى محمد كاظم

‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓ‬
‫أﻗﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﮭﻨﺪس‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻇﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻨﻰ‬
‫واﻟﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﻄﯿﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮخ‬ ‫ﻛﮭﺮﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬
٢٠٠٨

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻗﻤﺎر‬ ‫وﺻﻮر‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬‫م‬.‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻨﻰ‬ ‫أﻗﺪم‬‫ﺗﻮﻓﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻇﻢ‬
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‫ﺒﺎﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻹ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬:‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬:‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬Raster‫ﻭﺭﺴﻭﻡ‬Vector
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬:‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻔﺼل‬:‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ‬Georeference‫ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻅﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬:‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
٢
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﺭﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺤﺎﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺫ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ‬‫ﺍﻷﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﻴﺩﻭﻴ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﺭﺴﻡ‬‫ﺒﺩﺍﺌﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺨﺘﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﺨﺘﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﺭﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﻔﺭﺓ‬
١٨٥٥‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺭﻨﺎﺸﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻜﺱ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﻤﻔﻬـﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻅﻬـﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬ ، ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ﻤﻨﺫ‬‫ﺇﺨﺘﺭﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ‬‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬١٩٥٧، ‫ﺍﻟـﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﺭ‬
‫ﻋـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻅﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﺎﺩﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻘﻁﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﺘﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
١٩٧٢‫ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬Landsat-1‫ﻟﻠﺘـﺼﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺭﺴﺎل‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬.
‫ﺜﻡ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺕ‬‫ﺃﺠﻴـﺎل‬ ‫ﻭﻅﻬﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻴﻭﻤ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬Landsat, SPOT and IRS series)(
‫ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﻠﻎ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬٧٠٠-٩٠٠‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻡ‬‫ﻲ‬١٠٠‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ،)IKONOS،QuickBird(‫ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﻠﻎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺍﺭ‬‫ﺤـﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬٦٨٠
‫ﻜﻡ‬)‫ﻟــ‬IKONOS(‫ﻭﻀـﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﺍﺕ‬)resolution(‫ﺃﻋﻠـﻰ‬‫ﻴﺒﻠـﻎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬١‫ﻡ‬/‫ﺒﻜـﺴل‬
)‫ﻟـ‬IKONOS(‫ﻭﻴﺒﻠﻎ‬٠,٦‫ﻡ‬/‫ﺒﻜﺴل‬)‫ﻟـ‬QuickBird(‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬‫ﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬‫ﻴﺒﻠﻎ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﺍﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ‬٢٠٠–٣٠٠‫ﻜﻡ‬.

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
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‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬-‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻡ‬)Cartography(:-‫ﺭﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬‫ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻴﺔ‬)maps(:-‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺁﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻌﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ‬‫ﻹﻨﺠﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻁﻭل‬.
‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬)electronic maps(:-‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨـﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬)digital
maps(‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺴﻡ‬‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻜﻴل‬‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴـﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺠﻬـﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺒـﺎﻟﻜﻭﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨـﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬
)‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺯﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺜﻴﻭﺩﻭﻻﻴﺕ‬‫ﺘﺴﺠ‬ ‫ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻴل‬GPS(‫ﺒ‬‫ﺤﻔـﻅ‬ ‫ﺘﺘـﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺭﻗﻤﻴ‬‫ﻭﻁﺒﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺭﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺩﻗﺔ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬.‫ﺘﺸﻜﻴل‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺴﻭﻤﺔ‬‫ﻤﻌ‬‫ﺎﻟ‬‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻡ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬‫ﻤﺭﺴﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻭﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬)sgraphAerial photo(:-‫ﺍﻟﻁـﺎﺌﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴـﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬‫ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼ‬‫ﻭﻋﻨـﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌـﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬‫ﻷﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬‫ﻭﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬‫ﻟﻺﺤـﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺼـﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺠﻊ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻨﺴﺒ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺎﺤﺔ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬)Satellite images(:-‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺼـﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺠﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺼﻭﺭﻴ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬‫ﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬،‫ﺒﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﺌﻊ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﺄ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬.
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻓﻀل‬)‫ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬(‫ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺒـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻫـﻭ‬٩:٣٠-١٠:٣٠‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺼـﺒﺎﺤ‬
‫ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻭﻗﻴﺕ‬.
‫ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬)GeoDatabase(:-‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬‫ﻭﺃﻨﺸﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬‫ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬‫ﻭﻜـﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗـﻭﺍﻋـﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ‬‫ﺠﺩﺍﻭل‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺅﻟﻔﺔ‬‫ﺴﺠﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬)Records(
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘـﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺴﺠـل‬ ‫ﻜل‬)Fields(‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬ ‫ﺨـﺼﺎﺌﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﻓـﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
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)Attributes(‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺒـﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺭﻀـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻔـﺴﻴﺭﻫـﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴل‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋـﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌـﻤل‬ ‫ﺃﻫـﺩﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘـﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺤل‬ ‫ﺃﻫـﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻗﻴﻡ‬:‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺘﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬‫ﺒﺈﺩﺨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ،‫ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ل‬‫ﻜﻭﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬)Geographic Information System-GIS(:-‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺴﻭﺒﻲ‬)spatial(.‫ﻘـﺼﺩ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬)spatial(‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻑ‬)features(‫ﺴـﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬‫ﺀ‬‫ﺴﻭﺍ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺼﻁﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻟﻐﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﻭﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬.
‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﺜـل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ‬‫ﺒﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ،
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬‫ﺠﺎﻫﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻌل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ‬‫ﻹ‬‫ﺴﺘ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺠـل‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺠﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻼﻡ‬.
‫ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬‫ﻜﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺍﺭﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬)‫ﺘﺤﻤـل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺭﻭﺥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻤﻴﺭﺍ‬(‫ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺍﺭﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ‬GPS.
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬)ArcGIS(‫ﻭ‬)CYME(‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬‫ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬)AutoCAD(‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ‬‫ﻤﺒﺴﻁﺔ‬.

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‫ﺃ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﺠ‬
‫ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻭﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺴﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺴﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬‫ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻭﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜل‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬-‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬Raster‫ﻭﺭﺴﻭﻡ‬Vector
‫ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬:
ImagesRaster:-‫ﺃ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﻴﺔ‬،‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﻴﻀ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬ImagesBitmap،‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬Pixels,‫ﻤﺭﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻜل‬‫ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬‫ﺜﺎﺒـﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻟـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬‫ﺴﻁﻭﻉ‬‫ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻟﻠ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺒﻌﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺨﺯﻥ‬
، ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ‬‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬‫ﻴﻔﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻗﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻭﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺀﺍ‬،‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﺘﻔـﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺒﻭﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻅﻼل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻭﺍﻥ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺩﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬–‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺼـﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬–‫ﺍﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺒﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻤﻴﻡ‬‫ﻌﺎﻤل‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬.
Vector Graphics:-‫ﺃ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺔ‬،‫ﺭ‬‫ﺘﻌـ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺨﻁـﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬‫ﻑ‬
‫ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻴﻎ‬‫ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬(Vectors)‫ﺃﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴﻭﻤﺔ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻓﻘـ‬
‫ﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬‫ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻴﻎ‬‫ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﺜل‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‬‫ﺍﻷﻀـﻼﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل‬‫ﻭﺍﻟـﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺱ‬.‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺴﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴـﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘـﺼﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬
‫ﻴﺅﺜﺭ‬‫ﻭﻀﻭﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﻭﺩﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬‫ﺃﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟـ‬resolution،‫ﺍﻟﻘـﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻫـﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻨﺩﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻤﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭﻡ‬‫ﺒﺒـ‬‫ﻤﺜـل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴـﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻤﺞ‬Corel Draw ,
AutoCAD Macromedia Flash , GIS.
‫ﻤﺒﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ‬

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
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‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺭ‬)Raster(‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺴﻭﻡ‬)Vector(‫ﻴﻘل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻭﺡ‬Raster‫ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ﺭﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬Vector‫ﺒﻨﻔﺱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ‬Resolution:‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬pixels‫ﻓ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬
،‫ﺒـﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬(ppi=pixels per inch)‫ﻷﺠﻬـﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ‬( dpi =dots per inch) ,،‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ‬‫ﻜﻠﻤ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻌﻨ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل‬‫ﻭﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﺎ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﺃﻨﻌﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﻭﺩﺓ‬،‫ﺼـﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ‬،
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬-resolution-‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ppi‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
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‫ﻓﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻤﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻼ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺭﻀ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻬﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟـ‬pixels.
‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺠﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬)Raster(‫ﻜـﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺸ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺔ‬،‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ـ‬Resolution‫ﺍﻷﺼﻠ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻭﻀـﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬،‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺓ‬‫ﻲ‬(Vector)‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻘـﻁ‬
‫ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﻭﺩﺘﻪ‬‫ـ‬Resolution.‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬‫ﻭﺼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟـﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻴﻘﺎﺱ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ـ‬Resolution)‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ‬( spatial resolution‫ﺒ‬‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬meters/pixel‫ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻀﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﻭل‬‫ﺍﻟـ‬pixel‫ﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﻐﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀـﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁـﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‬‫ﺒﺤﺩﻭ‬‫ﺩ‬١meters/pixel‫ﺃﻗل‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬)‫ﺃﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟـ‬pixel‫ﺒﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤـﺩ‬١‫ﻡ‬×١‫ﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺼﻐﺭ‬‫ﻁﻭﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ‬١‫ﻡ‬(.
‫ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬Raster
‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻜﻴل‬‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﻕ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻀﻐﻁ‬Format
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻤﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻜل‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻜـﻥ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻕ‬‫ـ‬GIF‫ﻭ‬JPG‫ﻭ‬PSD‫ﻭ‬BMP‫ﻭ‬TIFF‫ﻭ‬SID‫ﻭ‬PNG
‫ﻭ‬ECW.‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬‫ﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬.‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ﻨﻭﻋﺎﻥ‬‫ﻭﻫﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺎﻥ‬GIF
‫ﻭ‬JPEG‫ﻭ‬‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ﻭﻴﺴﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﻓﺘﺢ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺸﺎﻫﺩ‬‫ﺓ‬‫ﻫﺫﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋ‬‫ﻴﻥ‬‫ﻭﻜﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﻕ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻴﻥ‬‫ﻭﻋﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺹ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺘﻼﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‬JPEG‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜـﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ‬
GIF‫ﺍﻟﺭﻤـﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠـﻭﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻅﻼل‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ‬.
‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‬GIF‫ﻴﺤ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻗل‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨـﻭﻉ‬JPEG‫ﺃﻓـﻀل‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟـﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺼﻭﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻴ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺯﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜـﺔ‬ ‫ﺼـﻭﺭ‬Animation
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻭﻉ‬GIF‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺠﺎﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬JPEG‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‬ ،PNG‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﺎﺒﻪ‬GIF.

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
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‫ﺃﻨ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻉ‬‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‬BMP‫ﻭﻨﺩﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﻀـﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﺯﺍﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜـﻥ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻷﻨـﻪ‬ ،‫ﻜﺒﻴـﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬·
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‬PSD‫ﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﺩﻭﺒﻲ‬‫ﺃﺩﻭﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﻭﺭﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﺘﻭﺸﻭﺏ‬.
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‬TIFF‫ﻟﺘﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺩل‬‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻤل‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺼل‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬
‫ﺒﻀﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬GBytes‫ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺨﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ﻭﻟـﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻔﺼل‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻴﺴﻤﻰ‬ ٍ‫ﺫ‬‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌ‬GeoTIFF·
‫ﻭ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﻴﻀ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‬SID)‫ﺸﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﻭﺭﺘﻪ‬LizardTech(‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﻡ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬٢٠%‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺠﻭﺩﺓ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻀـﻐﻁ‬‫ﺼـﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻬل‬ ‫ﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﻐﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺤـﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬‫ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺘﻰ‬ ،AutoCAD‫ﻻ‬‫ﺒﺘﻨـﺼﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﹼ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬
‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬Autodesk raster design.
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‬ECW‫ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬Enhanced Compression Wavelet)‫ﺸـﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﻭﺭﺘـﻪ‬
Earth Resource Mapping(‫ﺍﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻐﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺌﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭ‬)‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻀﻐﻁ‬(‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺼل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬50 000 Gb.
‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ﻭﻉ‬‫ﻟﻠـﺼﻭﺭ‬،‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺸـﺭﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﺘـﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻫـﻲ‬.
‫ﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬:-‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻋﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬، ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﺒـﺭﺍﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤـﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻬﺭﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺇﺴﻠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬)Pyramids(‫ﻴﻘـﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬‫ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬‫ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﻜـل‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬)‫ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺴﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺴل‬(‫ﻋﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬)Zoom(‫ﻭﺤﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻷﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠل‬ ‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤـﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺨﻠـل‬ ‫ﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻼﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺴﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻘل‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺴﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬.

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬:‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬-mage processingI:-‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻋﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬
، ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬‫ﻭﺃﻋﻤـﺎل‬ ‫ﺨﻁـﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻫﻡ‬:-
‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬-‫ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻭﻴﺵ‬ ‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟـﺔ‬)noise(‫ﻭ‬‫ﻀـﺒﻁ‬‫ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺘـﺴﻤﻰ‬Image
Enhancement:-‫ﺍﻷﻗ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺭ‬‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟـﺴﻁﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺸﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬(brightness)‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤـﺎﻴﺯ‬)contrast(‫ﻭﺍﻟﻠـﻭﻥ‬
)color(‫ﺍﻟﻅل‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬،‫ﺴﻘﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻭﻴﺵ‬
)noise(‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼل‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ‬‫ﻷ‬‫ﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﺎﺏ‬،‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬‫ﻴـﺼﻌﺏ‬
‫ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻀﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﺍ‬‫ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل‬
‫ﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ‬.
‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬‫ﻭﻀﻭﺡ‬‫ﻏﺎﻤﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻅﻬﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ‬‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬‫ﺴﻘﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
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‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻴﺵ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﻭﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼل‬‫ﺃﺸﺭﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻓﺸـﺩﺓ‬‫ﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺴل‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﻀﺒﻁﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﻉ‬.
‫ﻀﺒﻁﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻴﺯ‬‫ﻟﻠﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩﺓ‬‫ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ‬:-
– Thresholding ,
‫ﺒﻜﺴل‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻀﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬‫ﻭﻓﻘﻬﺎ‬.
– Stretching ,
‫ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺴل‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.
– Slicing ,
‫ﻭﺘ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺯﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻕ‬‫ﻤـﺴﺘﻭ‬‫ﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻭﻨ‬‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‬)‫ﺸﺭﺍﺌﺢ‬-Slices(.
‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﻋﻁﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻀﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺃﻴﻀ‬
‫ﺤﻭﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺴﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻤﺎﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬Edge enhancement.
‫ﺃﻤﺎ‬‫ﻓﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ‬‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻩ‬‫ﺩﻤﺞ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻭﺍﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﺘﺩﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺄﻟﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻭﻴ‬.
‫ﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬Spatial filtering‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺹ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴـل‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ‬‫ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻭﻴﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼ‬(‫ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨ‬‫ﺩﺍﻡ‬‫ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬‫ﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻴﺎﻀـﻴﺔ‬‫ﻤﺜـل‬
Fourier،Wavelet.

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
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‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴ‬-‫ﻭﺘﺸﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎﺕ‬:-
١-‫ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺤﻨﺎﺀ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬،‫ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬Orthorectification:-‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﻥ‬‫ﺒﻜـل‬ ‫ﻭﺘـﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﺕ‬
‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺴل‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺒﺘﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬–‫ﻟﺫﺍ‬‫ﺒﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺘﺴﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬–‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬‫ﺴﻁﺢ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺠﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬)‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺠﺒﺎل‬
‫ﺃﺒﺭﺍﺝ‬(‫ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺜﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ‬،‫ﺤـﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺭﻜـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅل‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻔﻴﺩ‬‫ﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﺭﻴﺱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺎﺕ‬‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻭﻫـﺫ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺨﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁـﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ﺒــ‬ ‫ﻌـﺭﻑ‬
(DEM)digital elevation model.
‫ﺇﻨﺤﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬‫ﺴﻁﺢ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﻼﻥ‬

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬
‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺤﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺘﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ‬‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬

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٢-‫ﺇﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﺄ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ‬atmospheric refraction:-‫ﺃﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻘﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﺒـﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺘـﺄﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺴـﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺴﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ‬
‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟـ‬atmosphere‫ﺴﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﻴﻀ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎﻨﻲ‬‫ﺼـﺤ‬ ‫ﻏﻴـﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﺘﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺅﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻤﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬‫ﻏﻴـﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻬـﻭ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺒﺘﻌـﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻤـﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺘﺠﺎﻫـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻜل‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺴل‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬،‫ﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺴل‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬‫ﻭﻟ‬‫ﻬﺫﺍ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻹﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺏ‬)‫ﻭﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺕ‬(‫ﻭ‬‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬.
‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺇﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬‫ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬:-‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﻴﻀ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﺄ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺒـﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟـﺸﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬‫ﺯﺍﺤﻔﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻗﻠﻴ‬.

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
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٣-‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻕ‬‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬‫ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﻟﻬـﺫﻩ‬،
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬Image Mosaicking‫ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬ERDAS‫ﺘﻁﺭﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ‬‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟـﺴﻁﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺨﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬‫ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬‫ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬.
‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬‫ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺼﻕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ‬
٤-‫ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬georefrence‫ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬geocoding.
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻨﺘﻜﻠﻡ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻻﺤﻘ‬‫ﻤﻔﺼل‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل‬.

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
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‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﻤﺞ‬‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﺃﺸﻜﺎل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ‬:-
‫ﺃ‬-‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬Image fusion techniques،‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺩﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬)‫ﻀﻭﺀ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺸﻌﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬(‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬‫ﺃﻟﻭﺍﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻁﻴـﻑ‬)mutispectral images(
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀـﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬،‫ﺒﺎﻟﻠـ‬ ‫ﺼـﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤـﻊ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀـﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺴـﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺒـﻴﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﻥ‬
)panchromatic image(‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل‬‫ﻤﺘﻌـﺩﺩﺓ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻴـﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻟـﻭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻭﺡ‬)multi-band image(.‫ﻤﺜ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ل‬‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
SatelliteIKONOSQuickBird
)panchromatic image(١m/pixel٠,٦m/pixel
)mutispectral image(٤m/pixel٢٫٤m/pixel
‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻤﺞ‬‫ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺓ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺍﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
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‫ﺏ‬-‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬combining images،‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬‫ﻤﺘﻌـﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﻗـﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺘﻘﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻤﺞ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻜل‬
‫ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀ‬ ،)‫ﻤﺠﺴﻤﺔ‬(‫ﺇﺴـﻠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺇﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺅﻴﺔ‬–‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﺘﺭﻯ‬‫ﻤﺠﺴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ‬‫ﻭﻴﺭﺠ‬ ،‫ﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﺇﺜﻨﺘـﻴﻥ‬،
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻲ‬‫ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬)‫ﺃﻏﻤﺽ‬‫ﻭﺍﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺒﺂﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺴﻭﻙ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺜﻡ‬‫ﺃﻏﻤﺽ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﻴل‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ‬(‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻜل‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬‫ﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻴﻥ‬ ،
‫ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻀل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻴﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻯ‬‫ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ‬ ،،‫ﺍﻟﻅـﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺼل‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬.
‫ﺠ‬-‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬combining vector data،‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ‬)‫ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬(‫ﺒ‬ ،‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻤﺞ‬‫ﻀـﻡ‬
‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺭ‬‫ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬‫ﻤﺭﺴﻭﻤﺔ‬)Vector Graphics(‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺸﻜل‬‫ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬)Layers(‫ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ‬‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‬)‫ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬. (
‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻀﻡ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬:‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ‬Georeference‫ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻅﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬ ‫ﺇﺴﻠﻭﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ‬‫ﻭﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺤـﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜل‬.
‫ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ‬(Geographic Coordinate System)
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﻓﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺴﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺭﻴﺦ‬‫ﻨﺠﺩ‬‫ﺃﻀﻴﻔ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻑ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﺨﻁﻭﻁ‬‫ﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ‬‫ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻔﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬)‫ﺘﺄﺨﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﺍﻟـ‬‫ﺸﻜل‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺭﻭﻱ‬(‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻼﺀﻡ‬ ‫ﻷﻨﻪ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻁﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻱ‬‫ﺍﻹﺤـﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫـﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺴـﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓـﻲ‬(Geographic
Coordinate System)‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺴﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬١٨٠‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍل‬ ‫ﺨﻁ‬)prime meridian(‫ﻭ‬١٨٠‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟـﺯﻭﺍل‬ ‫ﺨﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬‫ﺘـﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﺨﻁﻭﻁ‬)Longitude(‫ﻴﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﺭﻴﻨﺘﺵ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍل‬ ‫ﺨﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﺭ‬
‫ﺠﺭﻴﻨﺘﺵ‬ ‫ﺨﻁ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬‫ﻘﺴ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻡ‬٩٠‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺨﻁ‬‫ﻭ‬٩٠‫ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺨﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬‫ﺽ‬)Latitude(.
‫ﻓ‬‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺫ‬
‫ﻓﻔﻲ‬‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬١٩٢٧‫ﻴـﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﺭ‬NAD27 (North American Datum 1927 )
‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﻗﺎ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺭﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺴﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺭﻜﻴﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻡ‬
‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺨﻁ‬ ‫ﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ‬)‫ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬(‫ﺍﻟـﺯﻭﺍل‬ ‫ﺨﻁ‬ ‫ﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬
)‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ‬(‫ﺍﻟـﺸﺨﺹ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎﻤﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﺩﻭﻴﺔ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺴﺎﺒﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺨﻼﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺼﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﺃﻴﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬
‫ﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬‫ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻤﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ‬ ،
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺱ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺫﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺼل‬‫ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺭﻜﻴﻴﻥ‬‫ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻴـﻀﻌﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﺭﺴﻡ‬(NAD27)‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬‫ﺘﻠـﻙ‬

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
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‫ـﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨـ‬‫ـﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁـ‬ ‫ـﺎ‬‫ﺒﻬـ‬ ‫ـﻤﺕ‬‫ﺭﺴـ‬ ‫ـﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘـ‬ ‫ـﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠـ‬ ‫ـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤـ‬ ‫ـﺭﻑ‬‫ﻟﻴﺘﻌـ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺘـﺸﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺒﻴﻀﻭﻴ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻷﺭﺽ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺒﻴﻀﻭﻴ‬ ‫ﺒل‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺎ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺩﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻨﻘﺼﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﻌﺭ‬‫ﻨﻘﺼﺩ‬ ‫ﺒل‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺩﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺒﺎل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺴﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﺘﻀﺎﺭﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺒﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺴﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻭﻡ‬‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﻤﺩ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘ‬‫ﻤﻨـﺘﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ‬‫ﺇﺤﺩﻯ‬‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﻟﺭﺴﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻘﻴﻁ‬‫ﻬﺎ‬‫ﻭﻟـﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺒـﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﻟـﻸﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻀﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬.
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬‫ﻜﻭﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺀ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻌﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬
‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴل‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻀل‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬‫ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻔﻀﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺃ‬‫ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻗل‬‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅ‬ ‫ﺃﺴـﺎﺱ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤﻴﻥ‬
-NAD83 (North American Datum 1983)
-(World Geodetic System 1984)WGS84
‫ﻤﺘﻁﺎﺒﻘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺕ‬:-
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬)datum(:-‫ﺘﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬‫ﻤﻔﺭﺩ‬)data(‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺼﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﻅﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻁﺢ‬، ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺭﻜﺯ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬‫ﻭﻤﺭﻜﺯﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﻼﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﺎﻫﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬)Geocentre(‫ﺤﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ،
‫ﺍﻹ‬‫ﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬.
Geoid:-‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻘﺼﺩ‬.
-‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻀﻭﺤ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺴﻨﻭﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺘﺭﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻤﺜ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ‬١٠‫ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻡ‬

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
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‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺴﻨﻭﻴ‬٢,٥‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺴﻡ‬WGS84‫ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍل‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻁﺏ‬.
‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺠﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻀﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻟـﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺨـﺼﺹ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﻤﺒﻴـﻭﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺨﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ‬)ArcGIS،
global mapper 7،ERDAS(‫ﺍﻹ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟـﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺠﺏ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺴﺘﻘﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬ ،Ground Control Points(GCP).
‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ‬‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻩ‬
‫ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬‫ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺹ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻨﻅﻡ‬‫ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ArcGIS،global mapper 7
،ERDAS.

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻘﻴﻁ‬(Map Projection):
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻊ‬‫ﺃﺼـﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺴﻁﺢ‬‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻁـﺔ‬
‫ﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﺨﻁﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺴﻘﻴﻁﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺴﻁﺢ‬‫ﻭﻋﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺴـﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻤﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻱ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃﻭل‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻘﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺍﺘﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺴﻘﻴﻁ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﺭ‬‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬(Projected Coordinate System)‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬‫ﻭﺤـﺩﺍ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺩل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل‬‫ﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ‬.
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺘﺨﻴل‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻘﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﻀﻭﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺒﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺸﺎﺌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻭﻓﺔ‬‫ﺍﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﻼﺤﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻐﻴل‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﺩ‬‫ﺍﻻﺴـﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺴﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ‬‫ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺢ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴ‬.
‫ﻭ‬‫ﻤﻊ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺠﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬‫ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻘﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻡ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻘﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬:-
-‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬
-‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬
-‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
-‫ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﻤﺴﻘﻁ‬)Projection(‫ﻀﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻤل‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺤﺩ‬‫ﻴـﺅﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬،‫ﻭ‬‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﻌﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬‫ﻨﺎ‬‫ﻀﺒﻁ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ ‫ل‬‫ﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺭﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻴﻁﺎﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻜﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬‫ﻭﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‬

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
٢٢
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﻀﻁﺭ‬‫ﺒﻌـﺽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺤـﺎﻓﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻗﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻀﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻨﻠﺨﺹ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﺒﻨﻴﺕ‬‫ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ‬‫ﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬:
·‫ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺨﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ‬.
·‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬:‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻕ‬.
·‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬:‫ﺨﻁﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺙ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﺽ‬.
‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﺇﺤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ‬UTM
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ‬:-‫ﺇﺴﻠﻭﺏ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺴﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺜﻲ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺴﻁﺢ‬‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬‫ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺎﻓﻅ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻗﻁ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺤﺎﻓﻅ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﺔ‬.

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
٢٣
‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺴﻘﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﺙ‬UTM (Universe Transverse Mercator)
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ‬‫ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺓ‬،‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ‬‫ﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﻟـﻰ‬
(Zones)‫ﻴﺒﻠﻎ‬‫ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ‬٦٠‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻋﺭﺽ‬٦‫ﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﺨﻁﻭﻁ‬‫ﺸـﺭﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺒـﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﻴﻀﺔ‬-‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺨﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬–‫ﺍﻷﻗﻁﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺠﻨﻭﺒ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺸﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻘل‬‫ﺃﻤﺎ‬ ،
‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺘﺩ‬ ‫ﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ‬‫ﻋﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ‬٨٤°‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺸﻤﺎ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬٨٠°‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺠﻨﻭﺒ‬‫ﻴـﺼﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻨﻁﻘﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﻗﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺒل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻗﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬.
‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻜل‬‫ﺴ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘل‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻁﺢ‬‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻓﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﻗل‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬.
‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ‬‫ﺘﻘﺴﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﺇﺤﺩﻯ‬‫ﻭﻓﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬UTM

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
٢٤
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺘﺴﻘﻴﻁ‬‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ‬‫ﺃﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﺤﺩﺩ‬‫ﺠﻨﻭﺒـﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺨﻁ‬ ‫ﺸﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬N‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﻻﻟﺔ‬S‫ﻟﻠﺩﻻﻟﺔ‬‫ﻓـ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺈ‬‫ﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻅﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬–‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬–‫ﺘ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﻀﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬Zone 38 N
)‫ﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﺨﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻥ‬٤٢°‫ﻭ‬٤٨°(‫ﺃﻤ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬)‫ﻭﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬(
‫ﻓﻴ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﻀﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺔ‬Zone 37 N‫ﻭﺠ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﺀ‬)‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ‬
‫ـﺎﻭ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔ‬‫ـﺴﻭﺍﺤل‬‫ـ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟ‬‫ـﻴﺞ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠ‬ ‫ـﻰ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴ‬(‫ﻓ‬‫ـﻤﻥ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻀ‬ ‫ـﻊ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻴﻘ‬‫ـﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘ‬Zone 39 N.
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‬:-‫ﺨﺭﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬ ‫ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻊ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤـﺴﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺹ‬.
‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬UTM)‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل‬ ‫ﺨﻁﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﻻﺤﻅ‬(

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
٢٥
‫ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻗﻁ‬(Map Projections)
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻗﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺠﺩ‬‫ﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﻷﻜﺜـﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻗل‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬UTM (Universe Transverse Mercator)‫ﻤـﺎﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬‫ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬.
Transverse Mercator projection
Mercator projection

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
٢٦
Miller cylindrical projection
Space-oblique Mercator projection
Sinusoidal projection

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
٢٧
Azimuthal projection
Stereographic projection
Robinson projection

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
٢٨
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬:‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ‬
§‫ﻟ‬‫ﻨﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﻉ‬‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ‬:-
ArcGIS،global mapper 7،ERDAS،GeoExpress 6
§‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬:-
GeoExpress 6
§‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻗﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬:-
ArcGIS،global mapper 7،ERDAS
§‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﺭﺴﻡ‬:-
ArcGIS،CYME،AutoCAD
‫ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻭﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺕ‬

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
٢٩
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
1. Stephen Brooks And Jacqueline L. Whalley, 2007. A 2D/3D
Hybrid Geographical Information System.
2. C. Ross Hinkle, Ph.D., November 2002. Remote Sensing – An
Overview with Application Examples.
3. Wolfgang Boehler, Guido Heinz, Gong Qiming, Yin Shenping,
October 2004. The Progress In Satellite Imaging And Its
Application to Archaeological Documentation During The Last
DecadeDE.
4. Minakshi Kumar, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehra Dun,
2007. DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING.
5. Dr. Stuart Murchison, Fall 2007. Digital Image Analysis.
6. PHAN TRäNG TRŢNH, HOŔNG QUANG VINH, ANDRĐ
OZER, MAI THANH TŠN, 2007. FUSION OF
MULTIRESOLUTION AND MULTISENSOR IMAGERY.
7. E. Baltsavias L. Zhang, D. Holland P.K. Srivastava, B. Gopala
Krishna, T.P. Srinivasan, India, September 2006. Extraction of
Geospatial Information from High Spatial Resolution Optical
Satellite Sensors.
8. Sohaib A Khan, 2006. Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
and Satellite Imagery.
9. Roger Trias-Sanz, September 2002. Automatically detecting
geographical objects in high-resolution satellite images.
10. joseph w. grubbs, October 2006. Plotting Coordinates and
Projections.

‫إﻋﺪاد‬
٣٠
11. S. Tramini, M. Antonini, M. Barlaud, G. Aubert, B. Rougé, C.
Latry, 2000. Spatio-Frequency Noise Distribution A Priori For
Satellite Image Joint DENOISING/ DEBLURRING.
12. Jalobeanu, L. Blanc-Féraud, J. Zerubia, June 2000. Satellite image
deconvolution using complex wavelet packets.
13. Yoshifumi Yasuoka, Tao Guo, Tokyo, Japan, Snake-based
approach for building extraction from high-resolution satellite
images and height data in urban areas.
14. S.H Hana, J.M Kangb, Korea, IMAGE FUSION OF LANDSAT
AND KOREAN SATELLITE KOMPSAT.
15. P. Sarabandi, F. Yamazaki, M. Matsuoka, A. Kiremidjian, USA,
2004. Shadow Detection and Radiometric Restoration in Satellite
High Resolution Images.
16. Dr. John Wenzhong Shi, Hong Kong, Extraction of Spatial
Information from High Extraction of Spatial Information from
High Resolution Satellite Images for Geographic Resolution
Satellite Images for Geographic Information SystemsInformation
Systems.
17. Alexander Kolesnikov, Joensuu, Finland, 2006. Design of Spatial
Information Systems-Raster Image Maps.
18. Ordnance Survey, May 2002. A guide to coordinate systems in
Great Britain.
19. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, January 2008. Map projection
20. US Patent Issued on September, 2007. Method of determining
atmospheric refraction profile using two spatially separated light
sources
٢١.‫ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺘ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻹﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻥ‬

محاضرة تعريفية بالخرائط وصور الأقمار الصناعية - مثنى محمد كاظم

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محاضرة تعريفية بالخرائط وصور الأقمار الصناعية - مثنى محمد كاظم