‫‪A.

Ghallab 2006-2007‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in WRE‬‬

‫اﻻﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ هﻮ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﺎدي ﻳﺪور ﺣﻮل اﻻرض ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪارات ﻣﺤﺪدة وﻳﻘﻮم‬
‫ﺑﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ هﻮ ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت او اﻟﻤﺴﺢ اﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ او اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ او اﻻرﺻﺎد اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ‬
‫وﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻻﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ دوراﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﻮل اﻻرض اﻟﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ اﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ -١‬اﻗﻤﺎر ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺔ دوارة ‪Polar Orbital Satellites‬‬
‫وهﻲ اﻗﻤﺎر ﺗﺪور ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ وهﻲ ذات ﻣﺪارات ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻻرض )‪ ١٠٠٠-٧٥٠‬آﻢ ( وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻮ اﺷﺪ وﺿﻮﺣﺎ وﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ زﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺪورة ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺐ اﻟﻲ اﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻻرض – ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫هﺬﻩ اﻻﻗﻤﺎر ﻣﺘﺰاﻣﻦ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ اي ﻳﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻻرض ﻓﻲ‬
‫زﻣﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
 ‫‪A. Ghallab 2006-2007‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in WRE‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬اﻗﻤﺎر ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ‪Geostationary satellites‬‬

‫وهﻲ اﻗﻤﺎر ﺗﺪور ﺣﻮل اﻻرض ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪارات ﻣﻮازﻳﺔ ﻟﺨﻂ اﻻﺳﺘﻮاء وﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫دوران اﻻرض ﺣﻮل ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬

‫وﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺟﺰاء اﻻﺗﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬اﻟﻤﺎﺳﺢ ‪Scanner‬‬
‫وهﻮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻻﻗﺘﻨﺎء اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪ Acquisition‬وﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺤﺴﺎس واﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ‬
‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺤﺴﺎس ‪Sensor‬‬
‫وهﻮ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ وﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻲ ﻗﻴﻢ رﻗﻤﻴﺔ وﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮرة ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ -٣‬اﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ ‪Detector‬‬
‫وهﻮ ﺟﻬﺎز ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺤﺴﺎس ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
 ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺗﺴﲑ ﰱ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪A. Ghallab 2006-2007‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in WRE‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎر ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ )اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ( ‪Resolution‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪-‬اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻃﻴﻔﻴﺎ ‪Spectral resolution‬‬

‫وهﻮ ﺟﺰء ﻣﺤﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ذو ﻃﻮل ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻴﻦ )ﻧﻄﺎق( ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﻳﺴﺠﻞ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺤﺴﺎس او اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻻﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء واﻻﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ واﻻﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬

‫‪ -‬اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪Spatial resolution‬‬

‫وﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﺻﻐﺮ ﺷﻴﺊ او ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﻳﻤﻴﺰهﺎ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺤﺴﺎس وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ اﻟﻠﺤﻈﻲ )‪ Instantaneous field of view (IFOV‬وهﻮ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﺮي ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ – وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻲ اﺧﺮ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻻﻃﻴﺎف ‪ ١٠ MSS‬ﻣﺘﺮ وﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬
‫اﻋﺪاد اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ‪ TM‬ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٠-١٥‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
 ‫‪A. Ghallab 2006-2007‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in WRE‬‬

‫‪ -‬اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ ‪Radiometric resolution‬‬

‫وﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اي ﺟﺰء ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻴﻒ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫‪-‬اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ او اﻟﻠﺤﻈﻲ ‪Temporal resolution‬‬

‫وﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ ان ﻳﻌﻴﺪ رﺻﺪﻩ ﻟﻼﺟﺴﺎم‬
‫اي اﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻣﺤﺪد وﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ دورﻳﺔ وﻣﺘﻜﺮرة‬
 ‫‪A. Ghallab 2006-2007‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in WRE‬‬

‫اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻻﻧﺪﺳﺎت‬
‫آﺎن اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎر ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻌﺪ واﻟﺬي ﺗﻌﻬﺪت ﺑﺔ وآﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬
‫اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ‪ NASA‬أول ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻷرض ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺣﻴﺚ أﻃﻠﻖ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻷول ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪١٩٧٢‬‬
‫أوﻷ ‪:‬اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻻﻗﻤﺎر ﻻﻧﺪﺳﺎت‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن هﺬﻩ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻼث أﻗﻤﺎر اﻷوﻟﻲ ‪Landsat1, Landsat2 and Landsat3‬‬
‫وهﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ وﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﺣﻤﻮﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮﻳﻦ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ هﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ )‪ Multispectral Scanner (MSS‬وﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺰم اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺪة ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻴﺮات اﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ‬
‫) ‪Return Beam Vidiocons (RBV’s‬‬
‫وﺗﺪور هﺬﻩ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر ﺑﻤﺪار ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ‪ ٩٠٧‬اﻟﻲ ‪ ٩١٥‬آﻢ ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض ﺑﺰاوﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ‪٩٩٫٢‬‬
‫درﺟﺔ وﻳﻜﻤﻞ ﻣﺪارﻩ ﻓﻲ زﻣﻦ ‪ ١٠٣‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ وﻳﻌﻴﺪ دوراﻧﻪ ﺣﻮل اﻷرض آﻞ ‪ ١٨‬ﻳﻮم‬
 ‫‪A. Ghallab 2006-2007‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in WRE‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ )‪ Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS‬ﻟﻠﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻗﻤﺎر ‪Landsat‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﻤﻊ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮات اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ارﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺎت ﻃﻴﻔﻴﺔ وﺗﻐﻄﻲ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﺑﻌﺎدهﺎ‬
‫‪ ١٨٥* ١٨٥‬آﻢ‬

‫وﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﺤﺰم اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺪة ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻴﺮات اﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ اﻟﺜﻼث ‪Return Beam‬‬
‫‪ Vidicons‬ﻓﻘﺪ اﺷﻴﺮ اﻟﻲ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺎﺗﻪ اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻻرﻗﺎم ﻣﻦ ‪ ٤‬اﻟﻲ ‪٧‬‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ Landsat 3‬ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﻃﻴﻔﻲ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬
‫‪Thermal Infrared Band‬‬

‫وﻳﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﺪي اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ واﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﻃﻴﻔﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺪول رﻗﻢ ) ( اﻟﻤﺪي اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ واﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ‬

‫‪ MSS‬ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻻوﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻗﻤﺎر ‪Landsat‬اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد‬

‫اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ‬

‫‪79 m x 82 m‬‬ ‫‪0.5 – 0.6‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬

‫‪79 m x 82 m‬‬ ‫‪0.6 -0.7‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬

‫‪79 m x 82 m‬‬ ‫‪0.7 -0.8‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬

‫‪79 m x 82 m‬‬ ‫‪0.8 1.1‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬

‫‪79 m x 82 m‬‬ ‫‪10.5 -12.4‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬

 ‫‪A. Ghallab 2006-2007‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in WRE‬‬

‫)‪Return Beam Vidicons (RBV‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﺤﺰم اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺪة ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻴﺮات اﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ‬

‫اﺷﺘﻤﻠﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻤﺮﻳﻦ اﻷوﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث آﺎﻣﻴﺮات ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻂ اﻟﺼﻮر ﻟﻸرض ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼل اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴﺔ واﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺖ ﺣﻤﺮاء‬

‫وﺻﻠﺖ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴﺎت اﻟﻲ ‪ ٨٠‬ﻣﺘﺮ وﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺼﻞ اﺑﻌﺎدهﺎ اﻟﻲ ‪ ١٨٥*١٨٥‬آﻢ‬

‫ذادت اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ اﻟﻲ ‪ ٤٠‬ﻣﺘﺮ اﻻ ان اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻴﺮا اﻟﺘﻘﻄﺖ اﻟﺼﻮر ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺮﺷﺢ‬
‫ﻃﻴﻔﻲ واﺣﺪ ‪ Panchromatic‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪي اﻟﻄﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﺮﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٠٫٥‬اﻟﻲ ‪ ٠٫٧٥‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﻴﺘﺮ‬
 ‫‪A. Ghallab 2006-2007‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in WRE‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ :‬اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻷﻗﻤﺎر ﻻﻧﺪﺳﺎت‬

‫ﺟﻬﺰ اﻟﻘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻻﻧﺪﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ )‪ (LANDSAT 4 and 5‬ﺑﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ هﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ ‪Multi Spectral Scanner‬‬
‫)‪ (MSS‬واﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺮﻳﻂ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ‪Thematic‬‬
‫)‪Mapper (TM‬‬

‫وﺗﺪور اﻷﻗﻤﺎر ﺑﻤﺪارات ﻋﻠﻲ ارﺗﻔﺎع ‪ ٧٠٥‬آﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض ﺑﺰاوﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺗﺼﻞ اﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ ٩٨٫٢‬درﺟﺔ وﻳﻜﻤﻞ ﻣﺪارﻩ ﻓﻲ ‪ ٩٨٫٩‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ آﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻤﻞ دوراﻧﻪ ﺣﻮل اﻷرض آﻞ ‪ ١٦‬ﻳﻮم‬
‫وﻳﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول ﺗﻮارﻳﺦ اﻃﻼق واﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﺧﺪﻣﺔ آﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻧﺘﻬﺎء اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻷﻃﻼق‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬

‫ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪١٩٨٧‬‬ ‫‪16/7/1982‬‬ ‫‪LANDSAT 4‬‬
‫ﻣﺎزال ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪1/3/1985‬‬ ‫‪LANDSAT 5‬‬
 ‫‪A. Ghallab 2006-2007‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in WRE‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ )‪Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS‬‬

‫آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﺢ ‪ Scanners‬ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﻴﺮاﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻤﺮﻳﻴﻦ اﻷوﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻻ أن اﻟﻔﺮق اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ آﺎن ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ رﻗﻤﺖ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١‬اﻟﻲ ‪ ٤‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﺤﺰم اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺪة ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻴﺮات‬
‫اﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻗﻒ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ ‪ MSS‬اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ‪ Landsat 5‬ﻋﻦ ﺑﺚ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻨﻪ‬
‫‪. ١٩٩٢‬‬
‫وﻳﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول ﺧﻮاص واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ هﺬﻩ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر‬

‫اﻷﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ‬

‫ااﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺸﺎﻃﺌﻴﺔ واﻟﺮواﺳﺐ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪79 m x 82 m‬‬ ‫‪0.5 - 0.6‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺮق واﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﺮاﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪79 m x 82 m‬‬ ‫‪0.6 - 0.7‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬

‫دراﺳﺎت اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت واﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪79 m x 82 m‬‬ ‫‪0.7 - 0.8‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫وﺣﺪود اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫دراﺳﺎت اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت واﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪79 m x 82 m‬‬ ‫‪0.8 -1.1‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫وﺣﺪود اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
 Landsat TM 5

„ Origin : USA

„ Resolution: 30x30 m
(7 bands)

„ Temporal Resolution:
Every 16 days

„ Scale 1:100,000

Egypt, Alexandria
 ‫‪A. Ghallab 2006-2007‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in WRE‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺮﻳﻂ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ‬

‫)‪Thematic Mapper (TM‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ هﺬا اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﻃﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ أرﺿﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ ١٨٥*١٨٥‬آﻢ وﻳﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول ﺧﻮاص وأﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫اﻷﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬ ‫‪30 m x 30 m‬‬ ‫‪0.45 – 0.52‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫واﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺸﺎﻃﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻐﻄﺎء اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫‪30 m x 30 m‬‬ ‫‪0.52 -0.60‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪30 m x 30 m‬‬ ‫‪0.63 – 0.69‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪30 m x 30 m‬‬ ‫‪0.76 -0.90‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﺤﺐ واﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪ‬ ‫‪30 m x 30 m‬‬ ‫‪1.55 -1.75‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬

‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪120 m x 120 m‬‬ ‫‪10.4 – 12.5‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬

‫دراﺳﺎت اﻷرض‬ ‫‪30 m x 30 m‬‬ ‫‪2.08 -2.35‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
 ‫‪A. Ghallab 2006-2007‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in WRE‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ‪ :‬اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻻﻗﻤﺎر ﻻﻧﺪﺳﺎت‬

‫ﺑﺪأ اﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻔﺸﻞ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﺴﺎدس‬
‫‪ Landsat 6‬اﻟﺬي ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻤﺠﺪ اﻃﻼﻗﻪ ﻓﻲ ‪ ٣‬اآﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪ . ١٩٩٣‬أﻃﻠﻖ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺎم ‪١٩٩٩‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻬﺰا ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻦ ‪Enhanced‬‬
‫)‪Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+‬‬
‫ﻳﺪور اﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﺑﻤﺪار ﻋﻠﻲ ارﺗﻔﺎع ‪ ٧٠٥‬آﻢ ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻻرض ﺑﺰاوﻳﺔ ﻣﻴﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺗﺼﻞ اﻟﻲ ‪٨٩٫٢‬‬
‫درﺟﺔ وﻳﻜﻤﻞ ﻣﺪارﻩ ﻓﻲ ‪ ٨٩٫٩‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ وﻳﻜﺮر دوراﻧﻪ ﺣﻮل اﻻرض آﻞ ‪ ١٦‬ﻳﻮم‬

‫ﺟﺪول رﻗﻢ ) ( ﺗﻮارﻳﺦ اﻃﻼق وﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻗﻤﺎر ‪ - Landsat‬اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻧﺘﻬﺎء اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻷﻃﻼق‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪3/10/1993‬‬ ‫‪3/10/1993‬‬ ‫‪LANDSAT 6‬‬
‫ﻣﺎزال ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪15/4/1999‬‬ ‫‪LANDSAT 7‬‬
 ‫‪A. Ghallab 2006-2007‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in WRE‬‬

‫وآﻤﺎ ﻳﺪل أﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ اﺻﺪار ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺮﻳﻂ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺒﻘﻪ‬
‫وﻳﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول ﺧﻮاص واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ‬

‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻻرض واﻟﻨﺒﺎت – دراﺳﺎت‬ ‫‪30 m x 30 m‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٥١٥ – ٠٫٤٥‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺸﺎﻃﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫دراﺳﺎت اﻟﻐﻄﺎء اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫‪30 m x 30 m‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٦٠٥ – ٠٫٥٢٥‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻻﻧﻮاع اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪30 m x 30 m‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٦٩ - ٠٫٦٣‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬

‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪30 m x 30 m‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٩٠- ٠٫٧٥‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﺤﺐ واﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪ‬ ‫‪30 m x 30 m‬‬ ‫‪١٫٧٥ – ١٫٥٥‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬

‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪60 m x 60 m‬‬ ‫‪١٢٫٥- ١٠٫٤‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
‫دراﺳﺎت اﻻرض‬ ‫‪30 m x 30 m‬‬ ‫‪٢٫٣٥ – ٢٫٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
‫ﺻﻮرة وﺣﻴﺪة اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫‪15 m x 15 m‬‬ ‫‪٠٫٩٠ – ٠٫٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬
Figure 5. LUC classes of Dec. 1986 based on MAXLIKE
supervised classification
LUC classes of Dec. 1986 LUC classes of Nov. 2000
based on MAXLIKE supervised based on MAXLIKE supervised
classification classification
0- External borders 1- Salt-affected soils 2- Agric. Land
3- Built-up 4- Water Bodies 5- Desert

Figure 7. Changes of LUC from each pattern to each other

over the period 1986-2000.
 Landsat ETM 7

„ Origin : USA

„ Resolution:
30x30 m
(multispectral)
15x15 m
(panchromatic)

„ Temporal Resolution:
Every 16 days

„ Scale 1:100,000
Egypt, The Pyramids
1:50,000
 Regionalization
REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES
MULTISPECTRAL IMAGES LANDSAT
Landsat TM+, Beijing, 30/04/00 (LS MS 1976)
 A. Ghallab 2006-2007
GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering
GIS and RS in WRE
 ‫‪A. Ghallab 2006-2007‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in WRE‬‬

‫اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻷدارة اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎت واﻟﺠﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻃﻼق ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫أﺧﺮي ﻣﻦ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﺄﺳﻢ ﻧﻮوا )‪ (NOAA‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻐﺮض دراﺳﺔ او ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻈﻮاهﺮ اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ واﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ ﻷﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎت واﻟﺒﺤﺎر‬
‫وﺗﻮﺟﺪ هﺬﻩ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر ﻋﻠﻲ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض وﻣﻦ أهﻢ ﻣﻤﻴﺰات هﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻷﻗﻤﺎر ﻗﺪرﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎت ﺷﺎﺳﻌﺔ وﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫آﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﻳﻀﺎ أﻧﻬﺎ اﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻷﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬أﻟﻮان اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎت واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﺜﻠﻮج ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺎر واﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎت‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺨﺎص ﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻷرض‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﻴﺎس درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﻴﺎس ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻐﻄﺎء اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬
 NOAA

„ Origin: USA

„ Resolution:1.1x1.1 km
(4bands)

„ Temporal Resolution:
Twice daily

„ Scale 1:1,000,000

Egypt
 ‫‪A. Ghallab 2006-2007‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in WRE‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻮآﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻷورﺑﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ أﻗﻤﺎر ‪SPOT‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ أﺷﻬﺮ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ وآﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻷورﺑﻴﺔ وهﻮ اﺧﺘﺼﺎر‬
‫ﻷﺳﻤﻪ آﻘﻤﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻷرض ‪Stellites Pour Lobservationde La‬‬
‫‪ Terre‬اﻟﺬي وﺿﻊ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﻪ ﺑﻤﺸﺎرآﺔ آﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ وﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ واﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻳﺪور اﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﺑﻤﺪار ﻋﻠﻲ ارﺗﻔﺎع ‪ ٨٢٢‬آﻢ ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض ﺑﺰاوﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ‪٩٨‬‬
‫درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﺎط اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﻤﺘﺪاﺧﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﻣﺪارﻩ ﻓﻲ ‪ ١٠١‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ وﻳﻌﻴﺪ دورﺗﻪ ﺣﻮل اﻷرض آﻞ ‪ ٢٦‬ﻳﻮم‬
‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺣﺘﻲ اﻷن ﺧﻤﺴﺔ أﻗﻤﺎر هﻲ ‪spot 1, spot 2, spot 3, spot 4‬‬
‫‪and spot 5‬‬
 A. Ghallab 2006-2007
GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering
GIS and RS in WRE

MULTISPECTRAL IMAGES SPOT

 ‫‪A. Ghallab 2006-2007‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in WRE‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﻷورﺑﻲ ﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎر اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ESA Remote Sensing Satellite – ERS‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ وآﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻷورﺑﻴﺔ وﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﺪدا ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮات اآﺜﺮهﺎ ﺷﻬﺮة هﻮ )‪ Synthetic Apreture Radar (SAR‬وهﻮ أول ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ رادار‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎري‬
‫ﻳﺼﻞ أرﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺪار اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﻲ ‪ ٧٨٥‬آﻢ وﻳﻜﻤﻞ دورﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ زﻣﻦ ‪ ١٠٠‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ وﻳﻜﻤﻞ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ دوراﻧﻪ آﻞ ‪ ٣‬أﻳﺎم‬
‫اﻃﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻗﻤﺮﻳﻦ اﻷول ‪ ERS1‬ﻓﻲ ‪ ١٧‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪ ١٩٩١‬واﺳﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ ‪ ١٠‬ﻣﺎرس‬
‫‪ ٢٠٠٠‬واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ERS2‬أﻃﻠﻖ ﻓﻲ ‪ ٢١‬اﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪ ١٩٩٥‬وﻣﺎزال ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺣﺘﻲ اﻷن‬

‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ‪ SAR‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮات اﻷﺗﻴﺔ‬

‫) ‪AMI ( Active Microwave Instrument‬‬
‫‪Wind Scatterometer‬‬
‫) ‪RA ( Radar Altimeter‬‬
‫) ‪ATSR ( Along-Track Scanning Radiometer‬‬
‫) ‪GOME ( Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment‬‬
 ‫‪A. Ghallab 2006-2007‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in WRE‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﻷورﺑﻲ ‪ENVISAT‬‬

‫أﻃﻠﻖ ﻓﻲ ‪ ٢٨‬ﻓﺒﺮاﻳﺮ ‪ ٢٠٠٢‬ﺑﻬﺪف اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ وﻳﺪور ﺑﻤﺪار ﻋﻠﻲ ارﺗﻔﺎع ‪ ٨٠٠‬آﻢ وﻳﻜﻤﻞ دورﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ زﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ ١٠٠‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ ENVISAT‬اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ آﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ESR1 , ESR2‬وﻳﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮات‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﻪ وهﻲ ‪ SAR, RA, GOME‬أﺟﻬﺰة أﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻷﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪GOMOS ( Global Ozon Monitoring by Occulation of Stars‬‬
‫) ‪MERIS ( Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer‬‬
‫) ‪ASCAT ( advanced SCAT terometer‬‬
‫)‪MIPA( Michelson Onterferometer for Passive Atmospheric sounding‬‬
‫و ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎت هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻷﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺮة اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮي اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ واﻷﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬
‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﻤﺴﺎهﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ادارة وﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺎت ﺳﻮاء آﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﺠﺪدة أو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺠﺪدة‬
‫‪ -٣‬اﺳﺘﻤﺮار اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎخ‬
‫‪ -٤‬اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﻬﻢ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻗﺸﺮة وﺑﺎﻃﻦ اﻷرض‬
‫وﺗﺴﺎهﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮات اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ ﻟﻮن ﻣﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺒﺤﺎر‪ -‬اﻟﺴﺤﺐ – اﻟﻐﻄﺎء‬
‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ – ﻃﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪ – ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻷﻣﻮاج اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ – اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ – اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‬
 A. Ghallab 2006-2007
GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering
GIS and RS in WRE
 Regionalization
REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES

Resolution
 ‫‪A. Ghallab 2006-2007‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in WRE‬‬

‫اﻷﻗﻤﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺮوﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫أﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪ COSMOS‬ﻋﺎم ‪ ١٩٨٤‬أﺻﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﺴﻜﺮي ﺳﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺪور اﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻳﺼﻞ اﻟﻲ ‪ ٢٧٠- ١٩٠‬آﻢ ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﻮر اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ‪ TK-350‬اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺮاوح ﻣﺠﺎﻟﻪ اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٠٫٤٩‬اﻟﻲ ‪ ٠٫٥٩‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮون‬

‫وﻗﺪرﺗﻪ اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻲ ‪ ١٠*١٠‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ أرﺗﻔﺎع ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﺛﻼﺛﻲ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺪم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺮوﺳﻲ ‪ KVR-1000‬ﺣﺘﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺻﻮر ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﺪرة‬
‫ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ) ‪ ٣-٢‬ﻣﺘﺮ( ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻮاق ﺗﻐﻄﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ‪ 0.49 - 0.59‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮون وآﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ وأﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻷراﺿﻲ‪.‬‬
KVR 1000

„ Origin : Russian
„ Resolution: 2x2 m
„ Temporal Resolution:
Mission
Egypt,Cairo „ Scale 1:10,000
 ‫‪A. Ghallab 2006-2007‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in WRE‬‬

‫اﻻﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﻬﻨﺪي )‪IRS -1C (Indian Remote Sensing‬‬
‫ﻳﺤﻤﻞ هﺬا اﻟﻘﻤﺮ أول ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮات ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ‪Very‬‬
‫‪ high resolution‬ﻟﻸﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻋﺴﻜﺮي واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻞ اﻟﻲ ‪ ٥٫٨‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻊ ﻣﺪار اﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ٨١٦‬اﻟﻲ ‪ ٨١٨‬آﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻷرض ﺑﺰاوﻳﺔ ‪ ٩٨٫٦‬درﺟﺔ‬
‫وﻳﻜﻤﻞ دوراﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ‪ ١٠١‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ وﻳﻌﻴﺪ دورﺗﻪ ﺣﻮل اﻷرض آﻞ ‪ ٢٤‬ﻳﻮم‬
‫ﺗﻢ اﻃﻼﻗﻪ ﻓﻲ ‪ ٢٨‬دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪ ١٩٩٥‬وﻣﺎزال ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ وﻳﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫هﻤﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ اﺣﺎدي اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ ‪PAN‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ واﻟﻤﺴﺢ اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ‬
‫)‪Linear Imaging and Self Scanning (LISS-III‬‬
 IRS_1D

„ Origin : Indian

„ Resolution:
5.8x5.8 m

„ Temporal Resolution:
Every 45 days

„ Scale 1:25,000
 Regionalization
REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES
MULTISPECTRAL IMAGES IRS
 ‫‪A. Ghallab 2006-2007‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in WRE‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ‪IKONOS‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻳﻜﻮﻧﺲ واﻟﺬي ﺗﺼﻞ ﻗﺪرﺗﻪ اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻲ ‪ ١‬ﻣﺘﺮ أول ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮ ﻓﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻘﺪرة‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺪرﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻮر‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻘﺪ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻻول ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻳﻜﻮﻧﺲ اﺛﻨﺎء اﻻﻃﻼق ﻓﻲ ‪ 27/10/1999‬اﻻ ان اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺎزال ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ وﺗﺴﻮق ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ اﺳﻢ ‪ Catera‬وﻗﺪ ﻣﻜﻨﺖ ﻗﺪرﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻻن ﺗﻜﻮن اداة هﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﻌﻤﺮاﻧﻲ واﻟﺤﺼﺮ وﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬
‫ﻳﺪور اﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﺑﻤﺪار ﻋﻠﻲ ارﺗﻔﺎع ‪ ٦٨١‬آﻢ ﺑﺰاوﻳﺔ ﻣﻴﻞ ‪ ٩٨٫١‬وﻳﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺪار ﻓﻲ زﻣﻦ ‪ ٩٨‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻤﻞ دورﺗﻪ ﺣﻮل اﻷرض ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٫٥‬اﻟﻲ ‪ ٣‬أﻳﺎم‬
‫ﻳﻠﺘﻘﻂ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﺻﻮرة ﻓﻲ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻴﻦ اوﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ‪ Panchromatic‬اﻣﺎ اﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ ‪Multispectral‬‬
 IKONOS

„Origin : USA

„Resolution: 1x1 m

„Temporal
Resolution:
11 days

„Scale 1:5,000
 IKONOS

„Origin : USA

„ Resolution: 4x4 m
(4 bands)

„ Scale 1:20,000
 Regionalization
REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES
MULTISPECTRAL IMAGES IKONOS
 ‫‪A. Ghallab 2006-2007‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in Water Resources Engineering‬‬
‫‪GIS and RS in WRE‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ‪Quick Bird‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪Digital Globe‬‬
‫‪ Cooperation‬وهﻮ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻣﻤﺘﺎز ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻷراﺿﻲ واﻟﺰراﻋﺔ واﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫واﻟﻤﻨﺎخ واﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﺘﺮول ﺑﺎﻷﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻲ اﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ واﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ‬
‫أﻃﻠﻖ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ‪ ١٨‬اآﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪ ٢٠٠١‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ‪ Vandenberg‬اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺪار ﻳﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض ‪ ٤٥٠‬آﻢ ﺑﺰاوﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ‪ ٩٢٫٢‬درﺟﺔ وﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺼﻞ اﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ ٧٫١‬آﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﻜﻤﻞ دورﺗﻪ ﺑﻤﺪارﻩ ﻓﻲ ‪ ٩٣٫٥‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ وﻳﻜﺮر دورﺗﻪ ﺣﻮل اﻷرض آﻞ ‪٣٫٥- ١‬‬
‫ﻳﻮم‬

‫ﺗﺼﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت وﺣﻴﺪة اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ ‪ Panchromatic‬اﻟﻲ ‪ ٧٢- ٦١‬ﺳﻢ‬
‫وﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻤﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ اﻟﻲ ‪ ٢٫٤٤‬اﻟﻲ ‪ ٢٫٨٨‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
 QuickBird

„ Nationality: USA

„ Resolution:
0.7m x 0.7m
Panchromatic

„Temporal Resolution:
Alexandria 5 days

„ Scale 1:2,500